Age: 1-4 years
Confirmed Diagnosis of Autism or Developmental Delay or Healthy Child
Wards of the state
Sensory Impairment (blindness/deafness)
Confounding neurological condition (cerebral palsy, epilepsy)
Gastrostomy Tube Dependence
Active Peridontal Disease

The child must be age 7-8 when the first study visit is completed
The child must not have any food allergies to foods used in the study, learning disabilities, psychological diagnoses, red/green color blindness, or claustrophobia.
The child must not be taking any medications known to influence cognitive function, taste, appetite or blood flow
The child's BMI must be below the 90th percentile at the first visit
The biological mother and father must have a BMI between 18.5-25 kg/m2 (low-risk group) or greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 for mothers and greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2 for fathers (high-risk group) and 1 parent must attend all visits.
Children will be excluded if they are not within the age requirements (< than 7 years old or > than 8 years-old at the first visit).
Children will be excluded if they have any food allergies, learning disabilities, psychological diagnoses, red/green color blindness, or claustrophobia
Children will be excluded if they are taking cold or allergy medication, or other medications known to influence cognitive function, taste, appetite, or blood flow
Children will be excluded if their BMI is above the 90th percentile at the first visit
Families will be excluded if the biological mother or father do not fit the BMI requirements

Traumatic brain injury within the preceding 24 hours requiring admission to the ICU
Current age 18-60 years
Head CT with acute intracranial pathology
Ability to undergo MR and PET imaging
Penetrating TBI due to gunshot wound, shrapnel, or other metallic substance that would preclude patient from undergoing MR imaging
Pre-existing neurologic or neurodegenerative disorder or history of psychiatric conditions, such as major depressive disorder or psychosis
Active drug or alcohol use or dependence that, in the opinion of the site investigator, would interfere with neuropsychological testing
Contra-indication to MR imaging, such as ferrous metal, pacemakers, body weight above 125 kg, or concerns about claustrophobia
Non-native English speakers (translations are not available/validated for most neuropsychological test measures).

18-years of age or older

Right handed
Normal or corrected-to-normal vision
Either Native Monolingual English Speakers or Mandarin learners of English who do not know a third language
A history of neurological disorders or language disorders
< 12 years of education
illiteracy

Welders: Boilermakers, pipefitters, etc.
Controls: No past exposure to welding
Controls: Males ages 40-70
Fluent in English
Consent to MRI
Severe memory impairment or signs of dementia
Claustrophobia or unwillingness to participate in a MRI
Significant medical and neurological defects
Significant recreational drug use or alcohol abuse

>54 years of age
sustained a traumatic brain injury
<55 years of age
history of neurological disorder such as stroke, epilepsy, or multiple sclerosis
history of bipolar

18 years and older
Current college student
English and Hearing sufficient to complete a semi-structured interview
Does not meet inclusion criteria

Diagnosis of aphasia
Sustained stroke at least 6 months ago
Right-handed
Native English speaker
Completed at least a high school education
History of neurodegenerative disease (e.g., Alzheimer's)
History of other acquired neurological disorder (e.g., TBI)
History of developmental disorder (e.g., autism)
History of psychological disorder (e.g., schizophrenia)
Unsafe to receive MRI (e.g., pacemaker)

65 or older
no diagnosis of dementia
available for 6 months
64 or younger
dementia or motor movement disorder diagnosis
cognitive training within past 2 years

Between 18-30 years old
Minimum High School education
Right-handed
Normal or corrected-to-normal vision/hearing
Fluent in English
Individuals with a history of neurological injury or disease
Individuals taking medications that affect the brain or blood flow
Individuals greater than 300 lbs
Individuals who are claustrophobic
Individuals with contraindications to MRI scanning such as an implanted device

right-handed
18-40 years old
left handed or ambidextrous
neurological disease
movement disorder
major psychiatric diagnosis
orthopedic damage to the arms

over the age of 18
neurological disease
upper-extremity orthopedic injuries that interfere with participation

Healthy adults over 18 years old
Normal or corrected-to-normal vision
No other sensory deficits
Adults who experience synesthesia
Must pass MRI safety screen (if applicable)
Pregnant women (excluded from fMRI studies)
Minors under the age of 18
Individuals who fail the MRI safety screen (may still do behavioral studies)

At least 18 years old
Subjects must have a history of primary brain tumor (including but not limited to glioblastoma (GBM), anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), anaplastic ganglioglioma (AG), and anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)).
Subjects must have a BRAF-V600 mutation identified in previous tissue analysis (may be IHC or PCR based). Allowable mutations include V600E, V600K, V600R, and V600D.
Subjects must be taking dabrafenib at a dose of at least 50mg twice daily (adults only) and / or trametinib at a dose of at least 1mg daily (adults only) for at least 7 days prior to surgery as prescribed by their treating physician.
Subjects must be undergoing surgery for clinical purposes
Younger than 18 year old
Subjects who are receiving any other investigational agents or chemotherapeutic agents.

Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impariment
Normal Controls-Cognitively normal functioning
Neurological disease (e.g., stroke, tumor, Parkinson's disease, etc.)
Psychiatric disorder (e.g., bi-polar, schizophrenia, etc.)
History of chemotherapy
Presence of a cold or viral infection
Presence of a pacemaker, aneurysm clips, or any metal in body

Men and women of all races
18- 60 years old
Previously Diagnosed with POTS or healthy people without chronic illness
Capable of giving informed consent
Age <18 years or >60 years
Pregnant or breastfeeding women
Other potential causes for tachycardia (e.g. prolonged bed rest, dehydration)
Taking stimulant medications within the past 3 months as these may alter cognition
Unable to tolerate an MRI scanner (e.g. claustrophobia, implanted metal)

A clinical diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke in the MCA territory within 10 hours of symptom onset
Aged 18 to 85 years old, inclusive, at the time of informed consent
Screening NIHSS ≥10
In the judgment of the Investigator, the subject is likely to have supportive care withdrawn in the first day
Commitment to decompressive craniectomy (DC) prior to enrollment
Evidence (clinical or imaging) of concurrent infarction in the contralateral hemisphere deemed by the Investigator to be sufficiently serious so as to affect functional outcome
Clinical signs of herniation and/or loss of other brain stem reflexes, attributable to edema or herniation according to the Investigator’s judgment
Brain hemorrhage (other than small petechial/punctate hemorrhages) on NCCT/MRI

5 to 23 years of age
Seen in the Penn State Pediatric Concussion Clinic within 2 weeks of most recent concussion
Does not speak english
Periodontal disease
Ongoing seizure disorder, or other neurologic disorder
Drug or alcohol dependency
clinical diagnosis of severe TBI

Ages 12--16 years
Fluent in English
No history of treatment for psychiatric disorders
Intellectual or developmental disabilities
Visual or hearing impairments
Inability to complete MRI scan due a pacemaker, aneurysm clips or any metal in body (e.g., braces, surgical devices)
Currently pregnant or lactating
Neurological disease (e.g., stroke, tumor, Parkinson’s disease, etc.)

21-60 years old
Smoke at least 5 cigarettes per day
Smoke regular tobacco flavored cigarettes
Not currently interested in quitting smoking
Unstable or significant medical conditions
Pregnant or nursing
Regular use of flavored tobacco products
Regular use of electronic cigarettes
Implanted metal in the body

Age 18-30
Right-handed
Native speaker of English
At least a high school education
History of neurogenic or psychiatric illness
Pacemaker or other metal implant
Claustrophobia
Medications that affect cognition

Over 18 in age
English is first language
Right-handed
No history of neurological injury or disease
Under 300 lbs in weight
Claustrophobic
Taking medication that affects brain or blood flow

18-25 years of age
Native English speaker
Free of neurological and psychiatric disorders
Free of concussions with loss of consciousness
Family history of autism spectrum disorders (in parents or full siblings)

age between 21 and 40 years
healthy
able to perform handgrip execise
normal blood pressure
claustrophobic
have metal implants
taking heart medication
pregnant/nursing
smoker

Healthy subjects (non-synesthetic) with normal olfactory, visual, and hearing abilities
Healthy subjects (synesthetic) with normal olfactory, visual, and hearing abilities
Clear sinuses
Non-English speaking
Pregnant or lactating
Presence of a pacemaker, aneurysm clips or any metal in the body
A history of welding, grinding, and or claustrophobia
Neurological disease (stroke, tumor, Parkinson's) or Psychiatric disorder (bipolar, schizophrenia, etc)

squamous cell carcinoma
18 or older
Adequate hematologic function
Adequate hepatic function
Adequate renal function
invasive malignancy within the past 3 years
Prior radiotherapy
Prior immunotherapy
Major surgery within 28 days prior to Step 1 registration
Uncontrolled hypertension

Parent of a child aged 5-12 with ADHD
Child must have mild to moderate symptoms of ODD
Not having a child ages 5-12 with ADHD
Non-English speaking
Child with ADHD has diagnosis of mental retardation or prominent traits of autism
No additional child in the family can be enrolled simultaneously in this study

Radiologists with different levels of experience
Healthy adults, with college or advanced degree
Normal or corrected to normal vision
Non-English speaking
Pregnant or lactating
Presence of pacemaker, aneurysm clips, or any metal in the body
A history of welding or grinding
Claustraphobia

Ages 8-12 years
Female
With or without ADHD Diagnosis
Speak fluent English
Younger than 8 years old
Older than 12 years old
Male

All: 18-65 years of age
Patients only: Clinical diagnosis of epilepsy
All: Those who cannot complete the eye scan or visual tests
All: Those who have diabetes
All: Those who have glaucoma