Diagnosis of primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)
Onset of symptoms within last 15 years
At least 20 years old
Upper motor neuron symptoms and signs only in the legs

Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impariment
Normal Controls-Cognitively normal functioning
Neurological disease (e.g., stroke, tumor, Parkinson's disease, etc.)
Psychiatric disorder (e.g., bi-polar, schizophrenia, etc.)
History of chemotherapy
Presence of a cold or viral infection
Presence of a pacemaker, aneurysm clips, or any metal in body

Age >/=35 years
Do you have documented stenosis of your carotid?
Have you had any neurologic symptoms on the same side as your stenosis
No medical history of stroke or TIA on the same side as the stenotic vessel in the previous 180 days
If female, not pregnant
Prior stroke with residual disability
Symptomatic ICH within past 12 months
Chronic afib
Ejection fraction < 30%
Do you use an anticoagulant? What medication?

Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis
Current Depression
No current treatment for depression
Internet access
Between the ages of 18-65
No diagnosis of MS
No current psychotherapy for depression
No substantial neurocognitive impairments
Started anti-depressants in the last 2 months

be a native speaker of American English
have normal hearing
between 18 and 40 years of age
have no known speech, language, learning or neurological disorders
have very little experience in communicating with people that have motor speech disorders
younger than 18 years of age; older than 40 years of age
Not a speaker of American English only
With hearing impairment
have neurologic and/or speech/language disorders
have extensive experience in communicating with people that have motor speech disorders

C4-L2 Spinal Cord Injury greater than 12 months
Motor Complete (AIS A & B) spinal cord injury
<5% change in body weight over the past 12 months
<22% body fat
Coronary artery disease
Type 1 Diabetes or insulin requiring Type 2 Diabetes
Hypothyroidism
Renal Disease

are 18-40 years of age
are a speaker of American English only
have normal hearing
have no neurologic and/or speech/language disorders
have very little experience in communicating with people that have motor speech disorders
younger than 18 years of age; older than 40 years of age
Not a speaker of American English only
With hearing impairment
have neurologic and/or speech/language disorders
have extensive experience in communicating with people that have motor speech disorders

Have a diagnosis of Pompe disease
Age 18-75
Must be receiving Lumizyme or Myozyme to treat your Pompe disease
Started Lumizyme or Myozyme at least 2 years ago
Be able to walk at least 200 meters in 6 minutes (with or without an assistive device)
Use of ventilatory support for more than 6 hours while awake

completed high school
right handed
native English speaker
aphasia or no aphasia
no developmental disorders (e.g., autism)
no degenerative disorders (e.g., Parkinson's)
no psychological disorders (e.g., schizophrenia)
no traumatic brain injury or brain tumor
not safe for MRI (e.g., pacemaker)

Between 18-50 years old
Male or Female
Able to take in person QoL survey
Individuals with known autoimmune disease
Individuals with known infectious disease process
Individuals with chronic headaches

Diagnosis of ALS
Age 18-75
Breathing capacity (vital capacity) of at least 40% predicted
Able to undergo lumbar puncture
Prior use of tocilizumab/Actemra
Have a tracheostomy or diaphragm pacing system

Male ages 20-35
Non-smoker
Right-handed
Physically and mentally healthy
Willing to comply with screening and study procedures
History of night work or recent travel across >2 time zone
Drug or alcohol dependency; History of certain medications and/or supplements
Certain food allergies or dietary restrictions
Acute, chronic, or debilitating medical condition or illness
History of psychiatric illness or disorder, including claustrophobia

Motor Complete (AIS A & B) spinal cord injury
18-65 years old
Autonomic dysreflexia
Pressure Injuries <1 year
Renal/Gall Bladder Stones
Recent fractures

5 to 21 years of age
Seen in the Penn State Pediatric Concussion Clinic within 2 weeks of most recent concussion
Does not speak english
Periodontal disease
Ongoing seizure disorder, or other neurologic disorder
Drug or alcohol dependency
clinical diagnosis of severe TBI

Symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension associated with: (1) primary autonomic failure (Parkinson’s Disease, Multiple System Atrophy, Pure Autonomic Failure), (2) Non-Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy, or (3) Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase deficiency
Able to stand, with or without limited assistance
History of heart attack within the past 2 years, congestive heart failure (class 3 or 4), or uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia
High blood pressure that requires treatment with blood pressure medication
History of cancer within the past 2 years (some exceptions can be discussed)
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy
Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding

Diagnosis of Pompe disease
Between ages 3-65, inclusive
Have received at least 2 years of enzyme replacement therapy (Lumizyme/Myozyme)
Require the use of a wheelchair
Required invasive ventilator support when you started enzyme replacement therapy

Ages 12--16 years
Fluent in English
No history of treatment for psychiatric disorders
Intellectual or developmental disabilities
Visual or hearing impairments
Inability to complete MRI scan due a pacemaker, aneurysm clips or any metal in body (e.g., braces, surgical devices)
Currently pregnant or lactating
Neurological disease (e.g., stroke, tumor, Parkinson’s disease, etc.)

Sporadic ALS diagnosed as possible, laboratory-supported probable, probable, or definite ALS as defined by revised El Escorial criteria.
Age 18 years or older.
Symptom onset of weakness or spasticity due to ALS ≤ 60 months prior to Screening Visit.
Slow vital capacity (SVC) measure ≥50% of predicted for gender, height, and age at the screening visit.
Must be able to swallow capsules throughout the course of the study, according to Site Investigator judgment.
Invasive ventilator dependence, such as tracheostomy.
Creatinine level greater than 1.5 mg/dL at screening.
SGOT (AST) / SGPT (ALT) greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal at screening.
History of known sensitivity or intolerability to mexiletine or lidocaine.
Any history of either substance abuse within the past year, unstable psychiatric disease, cognitive impairment, or dementia.

• men and women 50 – 75 years
• Blood pressure is <140 / <90 mmHg
• may or may not be taking a statin (e.g. Lipitor)
• medications other than statin that could alter cardio and neurovascular function
• known cardiovascular or metabolic disease (hypertension, heart disease, diabetes); skin allergies, rash, or skin disease
• tobacco or recreational drug use
• allergy to latex
• pregnancy, breastfeeding, hormone replacement therapy

No learning disabilities
Right handed
Age 7 or 8
No medications known to influence cognative function, taste, appetite or blood flow
The biological mother and biological father must have a body mass index either between 18.5
•25 kg/m2 (low-risk group) or greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 (high-risk group) and must be available to attend the visits with their child.
Children would be excluded if they are not within the age requirements (< than 7 years old or > than 8 years-old at baseline).
Children will be excluded if they are taking cold or allergy medication, or other medications known to influence cognitive function, taste, appetite, or blood flow.
Children will be excluded if they are left handed,
Children will be excluded if they report being claustrophobic
Families will be excluded if the biological mother/father has a body mass index < 18.5 kg/m2 or between 25-29.9 kg/m2.

Have a diagnosis of ALS
Have recent forced vital capacity (FVC) >50% predicted
Participation in another mindfulness program or regular meditation within past 6 months
Taking antidepressants or anti-anxiety medication AND have NOT been on a stable dose for at least 30 days

Your are 18-25 years old and have symptoms of ADHD or ADD
You speak English as your native (first) language
You have, at minimum, a high school diploma or GED
You have no previous concussions that resulted in loss of consciousness for more than 10 minutes
If you take stimulant medication for your ADHD or ADD, you must be willing to not take the medication for 24 hours before your visit to our lab
You are under age 18 or over age 25 or do not have symptoms of ADHD or ADD
English was not the first language you spoke
You have less than a high school education
You have had a concussion that resulted in loss of consciousness for more than 10 minutes
You, or someone in your immediate family, has been diagnosed with seizures, epilepsy, encephalitis, meningitis, musculoskeletal, neurological, autism spectrum, or psychological disorder involving psychosis

65 and older
Medicare beneficiary with Medicare as primary insurance
Diagnosis of MCI or dementia, according to DSM-IV and/or National Institutes of Aging-Alzheimer's Association criteria, verified by a dementia specialist within 24 months
Head MRI and/or CT within 24 months prior to enrollment
Clinical laboratory assessment within 12 months prior to enrollment
Normal cognition or subjective complaints that are not verified by cognitive testing
Amyloid status already known to patient
Current or previous enrollment in an anti-amyloid therapeutic trial
Cancer requiring active therapy (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer)
Residence in a skill nursing facility

Men and women 18 – 40 years
Blood pressure <140 / <90 mmHg; body mass index <30 kg∙m-2
Healthy control (HC) subjects: no family history of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) or major psychiatric illness
MDD patients: have clinically significant depression (non-medicated)
SSRI-treated adults (MDD in remission; monotherapy): treated for at least 8 weeks prior to study enrollment
psychiatric illness aside from MDD (including bipolar disorder, panic disorder, schizophrenia)
psychiatric treatment with drugs other than SSRIs
cardiovascular, renal, or metabolic disease (hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia)
medications that could alter neurovascular function
Pregnant or post menopausal

C4-T4 Spinal Cord Injury greater than 12 months
Motor Complete (AIS A & B) spinal cord injury
<5% change in body weight over the past 12 months
Participation in an FES or ACE exercise program within the past 3 months
Uncontrolled autonomic dysreflexia
Deep vein thrombosis
<22% body fat
Diabetes or coronary artery disease

No sensory deficit
No major cognative deficit
No history of arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, or any other disease which would hinder peripheral movement
No history of drug or alcohol abuse
Unable to complete study test
Evidence of severe memory or cognitive decline
History or arthritis, carpal tunnel or any other peripheral disease which would hinder movement
History of alcohol or drug abuse

Have ALS
Starting experiencing ALS symptoms within the past 2 years
Have breathing capacities of 60% or greater
Willing to receive injections
Use BiPAP or CPAP at night
Have a tracheostomy or diaphragm pacing system
Have a history of sensitivity to porcine (pig) protein products

Diagnosis of Charcot Marie Tooth disease
Experience at least 5 muscle cramps per week
Major gastrointestinal disorders or oral or esophageal lesions/ulcers
Significant swallowing problems
Inability to tolerate a spicy sensation in the mouth or stomach

Has a documented diagnosis of epilepsy with partial-onset seizures
Documented electroencephalogram within 10 years prior to screening
Has had at least partial-onset seizures during previous 6 months
Prior exposure to eslicarbazepine acetate (Brand name: Aptiom)
Currently being treated with oxcarbazepine

Patient must have a subjective memory concern as reported by patient, study partner, or clinician
Age 55-90 (inclusive)
Study Partner is available who has frequent contact with the patient (e.g. an average of 10 hours per week or more), and can accompany the patient to most visits to answer questions about the patient
Must speak English fluently
Good general health with no additional diseases/disorders expected to interfere with the study
Any use of tobacco or nicotine products within the past year
Any significant neurologic disease such as Alzheimer’s disease dementia, Parkinson’s disease, multi-infarct dementia, brain tumor, seizure disorder, etc.
History of alcohol or substance abuse or dependence within the past 2 years