Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impariment
Normal Controls-Cognitively normal functioning
Neurological disease (e.g., stroke, tumor, Parkinson's disease, etc.)
Psychiatric disorder (e.g., bi-polar, schizophrenia, etc.)
History of chemotherapy
Presence of a cold or viral infection
Presence of a pacemaker, aneurysm clips, or any metal in body

Age >/=35 years
Do you have documented stenosis of your carotid?
Have you had any neurologic symptoms on the same side as your stenosis
No medical history of stroke or TIA on the same side as the stenotic vessel in the previous 180 days
If female, not pregnant
Prior stroke with residual disability
Symptomatic ICH within past 12 months
Chronic afib
Ejection fraction < 30%
Do you use an anticoagulant? What medication?

Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis
Current Depression
No current treatment for depression
Internet access
Between the ages of 18-65
No diagnosis of MS
No current psychotherapy for depression
No substantial neurocognitive impairments
Started anti-depressants in the last 2 months

be a native speaker of American English
have normal hearing
between 18 and 40 years of age
have no known speech, language, learning or neurological disorders
have very little experience in communicating with people that have motor speech disorders
younger than 18 years of age; older than 40 years of age
Not a speaker of American English only
With hearing impairment
have neurologic and/or speech/language disorders
have extensive experience in communicating with people that have motor speech disorders

Cognitively-normal H&Y stage 1 PD patients. A physician-documented parkinsonian symptom onset between the ages of 40-59. 1st visit prior to age 65. PD stage I diagnosis must be documented for a min of 2 years.
Cognitively-normal H&Y stage 2 PD patients. H&Y stage 2, as defined by an exam in the practically defined “off” state, and have a diagnosis of PD at the age of 59 or younger. 1st visit prior to age 65
Healthy participants between ages 40-64 at their first visit.
Able and willing to provide informed consent
Fluent in written and spoken English
Parkinson-plus syndrome
Dementia
Previous antipsychotic or anti-dopamine drug therapy
Traumatic head injury
Other neurological diseases or disorders

A clinical diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke in the MCA territory within 10 hours of symptom onset
Aged 18 to 85 years old, inclusive, at the time of informed consent
Screening NIHSS ≥10
In the judgment of the Investigator, the subject is likely to have supportive care withdrawn in the first day
Commitment to decompressive craniectomy (DC) prior to enrollment
Evidence (clinical or imaging) of concurrent infarction in the contralateral hemisphere deemed by the Investigator to be sufficiently serious so as to affect functional outcome
Clinical signs of herniation and/or loss of other brain stem reflexes, attributable to edema or herniation according to the Investigator’s judgment
Brain hemorrhage (other than small petechial/punctate hemorrhages) on NCCT/MRI

At least 18 years of age
Fluent in english
Individual with a physical disability (eg. limb amputation, spinal cord injury, spinabifida, cerebralpalsy, arthritis, motor impairment)
Has participated in physical therapy in the last year
Under the age of 18
Does not speak fluent english
does not have a physical disability
Has not participated in physical activity in the last year

Men and women of all races
18- 60 years old
Previously Diagnosed with POTS or healthy people without chronic illness
Capable of giving informed consent
Age <18 years or >60 years
Pregnant or breastfeeding women
Other potential causes for tachycardia (e.g. prolonged bed rest, dehydration)
Taking stimulant medications within the past 3 months as these may alter cognition
Unable to tolerate an MRI scanner (e.g. claustrophobia, implanted metal)

Diagnosed with a neuromuscular condition
Unwilling to provide informed consent

13-18 years old
Diagnosis of concussion
more than 48 hours after injury

5 to 23 years of age
Seen in the Penn State Pediatric Concussion Clinic within 2 weeks of most recent concussion
Does not speak english
Periodontal disease
Ongoing seizure disorder, or other neurologic disorder
Drug or alcohol dependency
clinical diagnosis of severe TBI

Symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension associated with: (1) primary autonomic failure (Parkinson’s Disease, Multiple System Atrophy, Pure Autonomic Failure), (2) Non-Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy, or (3) Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase deficiency
Able to stand, with or without limited assistance
History of heart attack within the past 2 years, congestive heart failure (class 3 or 4), or uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia
High blood pressure that requires treatment with blood pressure medication
History of cancer within the past 2 years (some exceptions can be discussed)
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy
Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding

Ages 12--16 years
Fluent in English
No history of treatment for psychiatric disorders
Intellectual or developmental disabilities
Visual or hearing impairments
Inability to complete MRI scan due a pacemaker, aneurysm clips or any metal in body (e.g., braces, surgical devices)
Currently pregnant or lactating
Neurological disease (e.g., stroke, tumor, Parkinson’s disease, etc.)

Men and women aged 18-85
English speaking individuals
individuals diagnosed cardiovascular, metabolic, or dermatological conditions
nicotine use (e.g. smoking, chewing tobacco, etc)
pregnancy or breastfeeding
illicit or recreational drug use
allergies to lidocaine or prilocaine

over the age of 18
neurological disease
upper-extremity orthopedic injuries that interfere with participation

Age 18-85
Diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) score > 25
Has a caregiver willing to help with study activities
Forced vital capacity (FVC) ≤ 60% predicted
ALS-related weakness for more than 3 years
History of liver disease
Kidney failure

Right handed (pre-stroke)
Neurological confirmation of unilateral stroke
Severe paresis on one side only
Adults over the age of 18
Chronic stage of stroke (>3 months post stroke)
Left-handed (pre-stroke)
Neuro radiological confirmation of extensive periventricular white matter changes
History of neurological diseases other than stroke
Significant joint pain that is activity limiting

Aged 18 or older
Diagnosed with prion disease
Suspected prion disease
Rapidly progressive dementia
Aged less than 18
Without diagnosis of or suspected prion disease, or without rapidly progressive dementia

The child must be age 7-8 when the first study visit is completed
The child must not have any food allergies to foods used in the study, learning disabilities, psychological diagnoses, red/green color blindness, or claustrophobia.
The child must not be taking any medications known to influence cognitive function, taste, appetite or blood flow
The child's BMI must be below the 90th percentile at the first visit
The biological mother and father must have a BMI between 18.5-25 kg/m2 (low-risk group) or greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 for mothers and greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2 for fathers (high-risk group) and 1 parent must attend all visits.
Children will be excluded if they are not within the age requirements (< than 7 years old or > than 8 years-old at the first visit).
Children will be excluded if they have any food allergies, learning disabilities, psychological diagnoses, red/green color blindness, or claustrophobia
Children will be excluded if they are taking cold or allergy medication, or other medications known to influence cognitive function, taste, appetite, or blood flow
Children will be excluded if their BMI is above the 90th percentile at the first visit
Families will be excluded if the biological mother or father do not fit the BMI requirements

Patient must have a subjective memory concern as reported by patient, study partner, or clinician
Age 55-90 (inclusive)
Study Partner is available who has frequent contact with the patient (e.g. an average of 10 hours per week or more), and can accompany the patient to most visits to answer questions about the patient
Must speak English fluently
Good general health with no additional diseases/disorders expected to interfere with the study
Any use of tobacco or nicotine products within the past year
Any significant neurologic disease such as Alzheimer’s disease dementia, Parkinson’s disease, multi-infarct dementia, brain tumor, seizure disorder, etc.
History of alcohol or substance abuse or dependence within the past 2 years

At least 18 years old
Subjects must have a history of primary brain tumor (including but not limited to glioblastoma (GBM), anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), anaplastic ganglioglioma (AG), and anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)).
Subjects must have a BRAF-V600 mutation identified in previous tissue analysis (may be IHC or PCR based). Allowable mutations include V600E, V600K, V600R, and V600D.
Subjects must be taking dabrafenib at a dose of at least 50mg twice daily (adults only) and / or trametinib at a dose of at least 1mg daily (adults only) for at least 7 days prior to surgery as prescribed by their treating physician.
Subjects must be undergoing surgery for clinical purposes
Younger than 18 year old
Subjects who are receiving any other investigational agents or chemotherapeutic agents.

Traumatic brain injury within the preceding 24 hours requiring admission to the ICU
Current age 18-60 years
Head CT with acute intracranial pathology
Ability to undergo MR and PET imaging
Penetrating TBI due to gunshot wound, shrapnel, or other metallic substance that would preclude patient from undergoing MR imaging
Pre-existing neurologic or neurodegenerative disorder or history of psychiatric conditions, such as major depressive disorder or psychosis
Active drug or alcohol use or dependence that, in the opinion of the site investigator, would interfere with neuropsychological testing
Contra-indication to MR imaging, such as ferrous metal, pacemakers, body weight above 125 kg, or concerns about claustrophobia
Non-native English speakers (translations are not available/validated for most neuropsychological test measures).

Healthy subjects (non-synesthetic) with normal olfactory, visual, and hearing abilities
Healthy subjects (synesthetic) with normal olfactory, visual, and hearing abilities
Clear sinuses
Non-English speaking
Pregnant or lactating
Presence of a pacemaker, aneurysm clips or any metal in the body
A history of welding, grinding, and or claustrophobia
Neurological disease (stroke, tumor, Parkinson's) or Psychiatric disorder (bipolar, schizophrenia, etc)

Have diagnosis of relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS)
Have experienced suboptimal response (lack of effectiveness, intolerability, poor adherence) to injectable disease-modifying drug treatment
Patients who do not have relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS)
Patients who are doing well on injectable disease-modifying drugs
Patients who have previously been treated with cladribine in any form
Pregnant or breastfeeding women, women who plan to become pregnant or men whose partner plans to become pregnant during study

Healthy adults over 18 years old
Normal or corrected-to-normal vision
No other sensory deficits
Adults who experience synesthesia
Minors under the age of 18

native speaker of American English
have good hearing
between 18 and 90 years of age
No identified speech, language, learning or cognitive disorders
non-native speaker of American English
Not good hearing
under 18 or over 90 years of age
have identified speech, language, learning or cognitive disorder

A physician-documented parkinsonian symptom onset between the ages of 40-59 will
Patients should not have reached their 65th birthday.
Patients that have tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia unilaterally
Dementia
Autonomic dysfunction
Parkinson-plus syndrome
Postural instability
History of exposure to substances that cause parkinsonism

18-25 years of age
Native English speaker
Free of neurological and psychiatric disorders
Free of concussions with loss of consciousness
Family history of autism spectrum disorders (in parents or full siblings)

Right handed (pre-stroke)
Motor impairment in the arm
Had a stroke confirmed by neurology
Chronic stage of stroke
Over the age of 18
neurological disease other than stroke
a major psychiatric diagnosis (e.g., schizophrenia, major affective disorder)
hospital admission for substance abuse
peripheral disorders affecting sensation or movement of the arms,
currently taking prescription drugs with known sedative properties that interfere with sensory-motor function

Histopathologically confirmed WHO grade IV recurrent astrocytoma (recurrent GBM)
Recurrent surgically resectable tumor
Estimated survival of at least 3 months;
Subjects with newly diagnosed GBM
Pregnant women or nursing mothers cannot participate in the study. Women of childbearing age must have a negative pregnancy test within 72 hours prior to study entry.