Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impariment
Normal Controls-Cognitively normal functioning
Neurological disease (e.g., stroke, tumor, Parkinson's disease, etc.)
Psychiatric disorder (e.g., bi-polar, schizophrenia, etc.)
History of chemotherapy
Presence of a cold or viral infection
Presence of a pacemaker, aneurysm clips, or any metal in body

Age >/=35 years
Do you have documented stenosis of your carotid?
Have you had any neurologic symptoms on the same side as your stenosis
No medical history of stroke or TIA on the same side as the stenotic vessel in the previous 180 days
If female, not pregnant
Prior stroke with residual disability
Symptomatic ICH within past 12 months
Chronic afib
Ejection fraction < 30%
Do you use an anticoagulant? What medication?

Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis
Current Depression
No current treatment for depression
Internet access
Between the ages of 18-65
No diagnosis of MS
No current psychotherapy for depression
No substantial neurocognitive impairments
Started anti-depressants in the last 2 months

be a native speaker of American English
have normal hearing
between 18 and 40 years of age
have no known speech, language, learning or neurological disorders
have very little experience in communicating with people that have motor speech disorders
younger than 18 years of age; older than 40 years of age
Not a speaker of American English only
With hearing impairment
have neurologic and/or speech/language disorders
have extensive experience in communicating with people that have motor speech disorders

Cognitively-normal H&Y stage 1 PD patients. A physician-documented parkinsonian symptom onset between the ages of 40-59. 1st visit prior to age 65. PD stage I diagnosis must be documented for a min of 2 years.
Cognitively-normal H&Y stage 2 PD patients. H&Y stage 2, as defined by an exam in the practically defined “off” state, and have a diagnosis of PD at the age of 59 or younger. 1st visit prior to age 65
Healthy participants between ages 40-64 at their first visit.
Able and willing to provide informed consent
Fluent in written and spoken English
Parkinson-plus syndrome
Dementia
Previous antipsychotic or anti-dopamine drug therapy
Traumatic head injury
Other neurological diseases or disorders

At least 18 years of age
Fluent in english
Individual with a physical disability (eg. limb amputation, spinal cord injury, spinabifida, cerebralpalsy, arthritis, motor impairment)
Has participated in physical therapy in the last year
Under the age of 18
Does not speak fluent english
does not have a physical disability
Has not participated in physical activity in the last year

Men and women of all races
18- 60 years old
Previously Diagnosed with POTS or healthy people without chronic illness
Capable of giving informed consent
Age <18 years or >60 years
Pregnant or breastfeeding women
Other potential causes for tachycardia (e.g. prolonged bed rest, dehydration)
Taking stimulant medications within the past 3 months as these may alter cognition
Unable to tolerate an MRI scanner (e.g. claustrophobia, implanted metal)

Diagnosed with a neuromuscular condition
Unwilling to provide informed consent

13-18 years old
Diagnosis of concussion
more than 48 hours after injury

Age 18-75
Diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Forced vital capacity (FVC) ≥ 70% predicted
Symptom onset within the past 2 years
History of spinal surgery after the onset of ALS
Currently undergoing treatment for cancer
Hereditary fructose intolerance
Any previous treatment with edaravone

Ambulatory
Fluent in English
Has an email account
Motor or visual impairment that would interfere with operating a smartphone
History of neurological injury or disease
History of significant health problems that could be complicated by physical activity (e.g. recent cardiovascular surgery).
Participants who do not have access reliable cellular network OR Wi-Fi connectivity

Diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
18 years of age or older.
Plan to be followed up in person in the Hershey ALS Clinic for the next 12 months.
Experiencing early respiratory change.
Able to perform or have assistance performing home CO2 measurements.
In hospice or in active transition to hospice
Use of any type of non-invasive ventilation, except in the case of CPAP for obstructive sleep apnea, or have a tracheostomy
Use of diaphragm pacer
Pre-existing pulmonary disease requiring supplemental oxygen for any portion of the day or night

Possess a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Be 18 years of age or older.
Have a caregiver available to assist with home PFTs or, in the opinion of the investigator, can perform home PFTs unassisted.
Symptom onset within the last three years.
Have an internet-capable home computer and cellphone.
Inability to perform pulmonary function testing with mouthpiece or with mask, as determined by one of the study investigators.

Diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), or progressive muscular atrophy (PMA)
18 years of age or older
Walking with or without mobility support (such as a cane or walker)
Fluent in written and spoken English
Neurological or orthopedic problems independent of inclusionary diagnosis that affects gait
Pregnant or nursing woman
Prisoner or institutionalized individuals
Have any clinically relevant medical history of other disease or diseases that, in the opinion of the research team, exclude the subject from participation (including severe cognitive dysfunction).

1) Participants should be between 18-65 years old
3) Participants will be right-hand dominant individuals
4) They will have normal or corrected-to-normal vision
5) Participants should be able to stand upright for long periods (up to 2 and a half hours) with rest every 5-10 minutes or as requested by the participant
6) Participants should be able to grasp a handle and move objects with both hands
Any history of neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis)
Any history of musculoskeletal disorders (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome)
Any history of cardiovascular disease (e.g., Coronary Artery disease, Peripheral Artery disease, Carotid Artery disease, Hypertension, Congenital Heart disease, Congestive Heart failure, Myocardial Infarction, Cardiac Arrythmias, Stroke).
Any history of conditions or diseases that increase risk for syncope (e.g., Anemia, Myocardial Ischemia, Kidney disease).
Any history of conditions or diseases of the vestibular system

Age ≥ 21 years at screening.
Previous participation in a Translational Brain Research Center (TBRC) study, including IRB protocols 40726, 11436, 37016, 5467, 37217 and 42368.
Confirmed living through Allegra if current status is unknown by research team.
Able and willing to sign the informed consent form or has a Legally Authorized Representative (LAR) who is able and willing to do so.
Able and willing to complete the minimum required study visit questionnaires that necessitate video PSH HIPAA-Compliant Zoom (i.e., MoCA, UPSIT, MDS-UPDRS) to the best of his ability, with or without the help of a caregiver.
Unable to participate in consent procedures and does not have a LAR who is willing and able to do so.
Unable or unwilling to complete the minimum required study visit questionnaires that necessitate video PSH HIPAA-Compliant Zoom (i.e., MoCA, UPSIT, MDS-UPDRS).
Unwillingness to complete COVID-19 History Questionnaire.
Unwillingness to complete questionnaires and assessments remotely to the best of his ability.
For those willing to undergo an optional brain MRI, any condition that precludes its routine performance.

5 to 23 years of age
Seen in the Penn State Pediatric Concussion Clinic within 2 weeks of most recent concussion
Does not speak english
Periodontal disease
Ongoing seizure disorder, or other neurologic disorder
Drug or alcohol dependency
clinical diagnosis of severe TBI

Symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension associated with: (1) primary autonomic failure (Parkinson’s Disease, Multiple System Atrophy, Pure Autonomic Failure), (2) Non-Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy, or (3) Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase deficiency
Able to stand, with or without limited assistance
History of heart attack within the past 2 years, congestive heart failure (class 3 or 4), or uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia
High blood pressure that requires treatment with blood pressure medication
History of cancer within the past 2 years (some exceptions can be discussed)
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy
Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding

Ages 12--16 years
Fluent in English
No history of treatment for psychiatric disorders
Intellectual or developmental disabilities
Visual or hearing impairments
Inability to complete MRI scan due a pacemaker, aneurysm clips or any metal in body (e.g., braces, surgical devices)
Currently pregnant or lactating
Neurological disease (e.g., stroke, tumor, Parkinson’s disease, etc.)

over the age of 18
neurological disease
upper-extremity orthopedic injuries that interfere with participation

Right handed (pre-stroke)
Neurological confirmation of unilateral stroke
Severe paresis on one side only
Adults over the age of 18
Chronic stage of stroke (>3 months post stroke)
Left-handed (pre-stroke)
Neuro radiological confirmation of extensive periventricular white matter changes
History of neurological diseases other than stroke
Significant joint pain that is activity limiting

Aged 18 or older
Diagnosed with prion disease
Suspected prion disease
Rapidly progressive dementia
Aged less than 18
Without diagnosis of or suspected prion disease, or without rapidly progressive dementia

At least 35 years of age
Able to tolerate a brain MRI
Received initial diagnosis of Parkinson's disease within approximately the prior 3.5 years
Older than 85 years of age
Condition that precludes a routine MRI, such as a pacemaker or severe scoliosis
Major medical problems, such as kidney or liver failure
History of cerebrovascular disease, such as a stroke
Intention to pursue deep brain stimulation (DBS) within the upcoming year

Individuals between ages 65-85
Non-English speaking
Smell impairment
Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding
Currently smoke
Have claustrophobia

18 years of age or older
Fluent in written and spoken English.
Able to visit the study site in-person for the study visit
(Patient Group Only)
•Diagnosis of motor neuron disease, including ALS.
(Control Group Only) Neurologically healthy individuals matching the age, gender, and education level of the patient cohort.
Those unable to undergo electroencephalography (EEG) due to either allergies to lotions, cuts on the scalp or active infections.
History of seizure disorder
Co-existing neurological or psychiatric illness that, in the opinion of the research team, exclude the subject from participation.

Multiple System Atrophy
Age >=40 and <=75 at screening
Pregnant or breastfeeding
Unable to have MRI

The child must be age 7-8 when the first study visit is completed
The child must not have any food allergies to foods used in the study, learning disabilities, psychological diagnoses, red/green color blindness, or claustrophobia.
The child must not be taking any medications known to influence cognitive function, taste, appetite or blood flow
The child's BMI must be below the 90th percentile at the first visit
The biological mother and father must have a BMI between 18.5-25 kg/m2 (low-risk group) or greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 for mothers and greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2 for fathers (high-risk group) and 1 parent must attend all visits.
Children will be excluded if they are not within the age requirements (< than 7 years old or > than 8 years-old at the first visit).
Children will be excluded if they have any food allergies, learning disabilities, psychological diagnoses, red/green color blindness, or claustrophobia
Children will be excluded if they are taking cold or allergy medication, or other medications known to influence cognitive function, taste, appetite, or blood flow
Children will be excluded if their BMI is above the 90th percentile at the first visit
Families will be excluded if the biological mother or father do not fit the BMI requirements

Patient must have a subjective memory concern as reported by patient, study partner, or clinician
Age 55-90 (inclusive)
Study Partner is available who has frequent contact with the patient (e.g. an average of 10 hours per week or more), and can accompany the patient to most visits to answer questions about the patient
Must speak English or Spanish fluently
Good general health with no additional diseases/disorders expected to interfere with the study
Any use of tobacco or nicotine products within the past year
Any significant neurologic disease such as Alzheimer’s disease dementia, Parkinson’s disease, multi-infarct dementia, brain tumor, seizure disorder, etc.
History of alcohol or substance abuse or dependence within the past 2 years

At least 18 years old
Subjects must have a history of primary brain tumor (including but not limited to glioblastoma (GBM), anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), anaplastic ganglioglioma (AG), and anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)).
Subjects must have a BRAF-V600 mutation identified in previous tissue analysis (may be IHC or PCR based). Allowable mutations include V600E, V600K, V600R, and V600D.
Subjects must be taking dabrafenib at a dose of at least 50mg twice daily (adults only) and / or trametinib at a dose of at least 1mg daily (adults only) for at least 7 days prior to surgery as prescribed by their treating physician.
Subjects must be undergoing surgery for clinical purposes
Younger than 18 year old
Subjects who are receiving any other investigational agents or chemotherapeutic agents.

Healthy subjects with normal olfactory, visual, and hearing abilities
Clear sinuses
Non-English speaking
Pregnant or lactating
Presence of a pacemaker, aneurysm clips or any metal in the body
A history of welding, grinding, and or claustrophobia
Neurological disease (stroke, tumor, Parkinson's) or Psychiatric disorder (bipolar, schizophrenia, etc)