Healthy Adults
Age 18-75
Known cardiovascular, pulmonary or metabolic disease
Current orthopedic injuries
Claustrophobia

age 18 to 65
symptomatic knee pain indicative of articular cartilage defects
inadequate response to conservative treatment
Full range of motion of the affected joint
Normally functioning contralateral knee
Severe obesity (BMI > 40)
Surgery on the contralateral knee within 6 months prior to the scheduled arthoscopy
intra-articular injections within 1 month of surgery
Prior release and excision of scar tissue except isolated lateral release on target knee
Prior surgical treatment using mosaicplasty, autologous chondrocyte implantation and/or microfracture on target knee (Note: prior debridement and lavage are acceptable if more than three months have passed.)

Exertional Compartment Syndrome (Leg)
Needle Manometry
Sensitivity to Ultrasound Gels
Compartment Release Surgery

be a native speaker of American English
have normal hearing
between 18 and 40 years of age
have no known speech, language, learning or neurological disorders
have very little experience in communicating with people that have motor speech disorders
younger than 18 years of age; older than 40 years of age
Not a speaker of American English only
With hearing impairment
have neurologic and/or speech/language disorders
have extensive experience in communicating with people that have motor speech disorders

C4-L2 Spinal Cord Injury greater than 12 months
Motor Complete (AIS A & B) spinal cord injury
<5% change in body weight over the past 12 months
<22% body fat
Coronary artery disease
Type 1 Diabetes or insulin requiring Type 2 Diabetes
Hypothyroidism
Renal Disease

Herniated Disc in the Lumbar Spine
Ruptured Disc in the Lumbar Spine
Contraindications to MRI scanning
Pacemarker
Clasutrophobia
Boby weight more than 250 lb

are 18-40 years of age
are a speaker of American English only
have normal hearing
have no neurologic and/or speech/language disorders
have very little experience in communicating with people that have motor speech disorders
younger than 18 years of age; older than 40 years of age
Not a speaker of American English only
With hearing impairment
have neurologic and/or speech/language disorders
have extensive experience in communicating with people that have motor speech disorders

Healthy individuals without history of muscle disease or injury
Pregnant women
Allergy to ultrasound gels
contraindications to MRI scans

age 18-28
willing to undergo shoulder MRI
No current injury that interferes with daily living
No history of formal competitive athletics
Previous shoulder surgery
Contraindication of MRI
Current shoulder injury that interferes with daily living
Younger than 18 or older than 28
Non-English Speaking

Diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia
Active or history of recurrent bacterial, viral or fungal infections
History of latent or active tuberculosis
History of blood clots in the past year

Regular or irregular menstrual cycles
Age 18-30
BMI between 18 and 30
No hormonal contraception for 6 months
Smoking
Currently using medication impacting bone
Current diagnosis of an eating disorder

Age 18 to 35
Female
e-Cigarette User
Cancer
Liver Disease
Kidney Disease
Taking Drugs that Interfere with Vitamin D Metabolism

Aged 18-50 years
No current cardiovascular conditions; heart condition, high blood pressure, chest pain
No lower body musculoskeletal injuries in the previous 3 months
Reports running more than or equal to an average of 10 miles per week for the past year
Known or suspected heart disease or angina, and uncontrolled hypertensio
Pregnancy women
Individuals who are not yet adults, all subjects must be over 18 years old
Adults unable to consent -No cognitively impaired adults will be involved in the study

Your are 18-25 years old and have symptoms of ADHD or ADD
You speak English as your native (first) language
You have, at minimum, a high school diploma or GED
You have no previous concussions that resulted in loss of consciousness for more than 10 minutes
If you take stimulant medication for your ADHD or ADD, you must be willing to not take the medication for 24 hours before your visit to our lab
You are under age 18 or over age 25 or do not have symptoms of ADHD or ADD
English was not the first language you spoke
You have less than a high school education
You have had a concussion that resulted in loss of consciousness for more than 10 minutes
You, or someone in your immediate family, has been diagnosed with seizures, epilepsy, encephalitis, meningitis, musculoskeletal, neurological, autism spectrum, or psychological disorder involving psychosis

Age 55-75
Postmenopausal
Not taking osteoporosis medication
Normal to low bone density
Willing to add dried plums to diet
Currently using osteoporosis medication
Other medications known to impact bone health
Extremely low or high bone density

C4-T4 Spinal Cord Injury greater than 12 months
Motor Complete (AIS A & B) spinal cord injury
<5% change in body weight over the past 12 months
Participation in an FES or ACE exercise program within the past 3 months
Uncontrolled autonomic dysreflexia
Deep vein thrombosis
<22% body fat
Diabetes or coronary artery disease

Healthy throwing athletes (baseball, javelin, football)
Athletes with Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury
Ulnar Collateral Ligament Surgery
Tommy John's Surgery
Sensibility to Ultrasound Gels

65 years and older
Previous fragility fracture in past 10 years
Willing to try exercising
Blood pressure reading is equal or greater to 180 systolic or equal or greater to 110 diastolic or heart rate is equal or greater to 120 bpm
Health care professional has told you to not exercise or only exercise when supervised by a professional
Unable to obtain PCP's consent to participate
Unable to walk 100 feet without using special equipment (eg. walker)

Elective instrumented fusion of at least 3 levels
•cervical to lumbar
scheduled procedure must be at least 10 days after vaccine
Open posterior procedure
18 to 86 years old
spinal fusion within past 6 months
major surgery within the last 3 months or anticipate major surgery
recent vaccination or infection
malignancy
staged spinal surgery

No sensory deficit
No major cognative deficit
No history of arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, or any other disease which would hinder peripheral movement
No history of drug or alcohol abuse
Unable to complete study test
Evidence of severe memory or cognitive decline
History or arthritis, carpal tunnel or any other peripheral disease which would hinder movement
History of alcohol or drug abuse

Healthy Adults
Age 18-75
Known cardiovascular, pulmonary or metabolic disease
Current orthopedic injuries
High Blood Pressure
Pregnancy

between the ages of 20 and 55 years old
exercise for a minimum of 8 hours per week
exercise at an intensity greater than 85% HR max for at least 10 minutes per week
able to perform their typical training routine for 3 weeks
heart condition
high blood pressure
chest pain at rest, during daily living, or physical activity
bone or joint problems that could be worsened with physical activity

Candidates for Lumbar Fusion Surgery
Allergy to ultrasound gels

Back Pain
Symptoms longer than 3 months less than 5 years
On a stable NSAID
ages 18-50
Radiographic Sacroilitis
Previous treatment with a TNF-a Biologic inhibitor

Healthy Adults
Age 18-75
Known cardiovascular, pulmonary or metabolic disease
Pregnancy
High Blood Pressure